Cited 50 times since 2021 (21.3 per year) source: EuropePMC Nature immunology, Volume 23, Issue 1, 22 4 2021, Pages 23-32 Prolonged activation of nasal immune cell populations and development of tissue-resident SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell responses following COVID-19. Roukens AHE, Pothast CR, König M, Huisman W, Dalebout T, Tak T, Azimi S, Kruize Y, Hagedoorn RS, Zlei M, Staal FJT, de Bie FJ, van Dongen JJM, Arbous SM, Zhang JLH, Verheij M, Prins C, van der Does AM, Hiemstra PS, de Vries JJC, Janse JJ, Roestenberg M, Myeni SK, Kikkert M, Yazdanbakhsh M, Heemskerk MHM, Smits HH, Jochems SP, in collaboration with BEAT-COVID group, in collaboration with COVID-19 LUMC group
Systemic immune cell dynamics during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are extensively documented, but these are less well studied in the (upper) respiratory tract, where severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) replicates1-6. Here, we characterized nasal and systemic immune cells in individuals with COVID-19 who were hospitalized or convalescent and compared the immune cells to those seen in healthy donors. We observed increased nasal granulocytes, monocytes, CD11c+ natural killer (NK) cells and CD4+ T effector cells during acute COVID-19. The mucosal proinflammatory populations positively associated with peripheral blood human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRlow monocytes, CD38+PD1+CD4+ T effector (Teff) cells and plasmablasts. However, there was no general lymphopenia in nasal mucosa, unlike in peripheral blood. Moreover, nasal neutrophils negatively associated with oxygen saturation levels in blood. Following convalescence, nasal immune cells mostly normalized, except for CD127+ granulocytes and CD38+CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM). SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cells persisted at least 2 months after viral clearance in the nasal mucosa, indicating that COVID-19 has both transient and long-term effects on upper respiratory tract immune responses.
